NATIONAL BOOK DAY AT GOVT T I COLLEGE CHENABNAGAR

NATIONAL BOOK DAY AT GOVT T I COLLEGE CHENABNAGAR

PROF WAQAR HUSSAIN

     

     

     National Book Day was celebrated in Chemistry Theatre of Govt T.I. college (Postgraduate) Chenabnagar at 11 am today under the instruction of the Punjab government. All the teaching, non-teaching staff, students of MA, MSc, BA, B.Sc and FA, F.Sc attended the occasion with zeal and zest.The Chief Librarian Talib Hussain showed the library and disclosed that new book of various subjects have been purchased to the tune of 13 lack and now it has become one of the richest library in the Punjab. 

      Prof Waqar Hussain,Media In-charge, delivered a key note address and referred a widely circulating sms:"shoes are adorned in glass show- cases whereas, books are being sold on the foot path."

 He further said that among the last 10 Presidents of US, eight has written books. According to UNESCO report; China is the largest countries in Publication of books followed by USA and Britain 2nd and 3rd position respectively whereas Pakistan comes at 50th position where 3811 books are published annually. Iceland is the only country where every 10th person is a writer of a book.In reading, the World Culture Score disclosed that India comes first in reading list of countries with 10 hours and 42 minutes per person per week while Thailand(9 hr:24 min) and China (8 hr) occupy 2nd and 3rd position respectively.Ironically, in the given list of top 30 reading countries, the name of  Pakistan is missing.This is alarming! We should develop reading habit as only the educated nation rules the world, He furthers said, "Book bring best out of you and boast your knowledge and courage and bashes away bad habits".He quoted Bulwer-Lytton that Law dies, Books never. In eBook reading, the USA is leading (30.6%), followed by the Netherlands (29.4%) and the UK (28.1%). This is another area where Pakistani should pay intention as it the cheapest and easiest way to achieve knowledge, if one has access to internet. At present there are 130 million mobile users and 150 million internet users, one can use both for this purpose. 

    Principal Jehangir Ahmad Chaudhry advised the students to take benefit of books. He stated that in various countries, there is a "library period" in which students spend time in a library and read books of their choice and then write a report which is duly marked by teachers and its result is incorporated in the result card. We should follow their suite. He said that the Punjab has achieved highest literacy rate and has surpassed the Sindh Province a few years ago.  Pakistan's literacy rate stood at 58 percent; out of which the literacy rate of males is 70 percent followed by 47 percent of females. Similarly the province of Punjab has the highest literacy rate of 60 percent followed by Sindh (59%), KPK (50%) and Balochistan (40%).Punjab is making headway in education and schoolmaster is abroad.

WHY THE YELLOW SEA IS CALLED THE “YELLOW SEA”?

WHY THE YELLOW SEA IS CALLED THE “YELLOW SEA”?

PROF WAQAR HUSSAIN

        Yellow Sea, Chinese Huang Hai, is an arm of the Pacific Ocean. It is lying between mainland China on the west and north and the Korean peninsula on the east. It is situated to the north of the East China Sea.  It measures about 960 km from north to south and about 700 km from east to west. 

The area of the Yellow Sea 380,000 km²); its mean depth is 144 ft.

There are many hypotheses for its name.

1) The sand particles flying from the sand storm of Gobi Desert and fall into it that turn the surface of the 

water golden yellow.

2) Many major Chinese rivers like the Bohai Sea, Hai He River that contain golden colour silt fall into it. This golden silt changes the colour of the water to paler one.

3) Turks associated directions with the colors as: 

·      Black (Kara) is associated with North (Kuzey); Before Turkish conquest of Anatolia and Middle East, the Black Sea had known by Greeks as Pontos Euxeinos. 

·      White (Ak) is associated with West (Batı); Aegean and Mediterranean Seas as The White Sea (Akdeniz)

·      Red (Kızıl) is associated with South (Güney); the sea between Arabian Peninsula and Egypt as The Red Sea (Kızıldeniz)

·      Blue (Mavi in modern Turkish, Kök in old Turkish) is associated with East (Doğu) and

·      Yellow (Sarı) is associated with the Center.

                 Probably the Chinese used the same system of colours and directions and called this centrally located sea as the Yellow Sea. (Sarı Deniz in Turkish)

WHY THE WHITE SEA IS CALLED THE “WHITE SEA”?

WHY THE WHITE SEA IS CALLED THE “WHITE SEA”?

PROF WAQAR HUSSAIN

    

The White Sea is an inland sea in the north-eastern European part of Russia that belongs to the Arctic Ocean. It has an area of 90000 km³, mean depth of 197 ft and houses 700 invertebrate specie. The White Sea was first called "the White Sea" on the map drawn by Petrus Fiancius in 1592.

There are many hypotheses about the name of White Sea.

1) One hypothesis suggests that the name 

comes from the fact that the sea is covered with ice for six to seven months every year,from September to May. It's the only sea in Europe completely covered with ice in winter.

2) Some say that the name originates from the whitish color of the water, reflecting the northern sky.

3) There is a constant water exchange with the Barents Sea as 2000km³ and 2200km³ of fresh water flow in and out of the White Sea respectively that results in decreased salinity of water and increased amount of silicon and silicates in water. Silicon has silvery metallic lustre and Silicates have the property to sparkle in the sun light. Thus, elevated silicon and silicates concentration results in glittering and thus appearance the sea become white shiny. So it is called the White Sea.

WHY THE BLACK SEA IS CALLED THE “BLACK SEA”?

WHY THE BLACK SEA IS CALLED THE “BLACK SEA”?

PROF WAQAR HUSSAIN

       The Black Sea is a turban shaped sea lying on the head of Turkey. It is lying between South Eastern Europe and Asia with area of 436400km² and have maximum depth of 2212m.It is surrounded by six different countries Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia and Georgia.

There are many hypotheses about the name of the Black Sea.

1) In ancient time, various colours were assigned to different directions; black for north, red for south, yellow for east and white for west. As it was located in the north of the Mediterranean Sea for which the ancients believed to be situated in the middle of the earth. So it was called Black Sea meaning a sea in the north.

2) The Black Sea's deep waters are much less saline as a result the microalgae concentration is much richer, causing the colour to become darker. 

3) Bulgarian view about the name is that the sea used to be quite stormy. Some sources stipulate that it goes back to the time of Noah's Ark. The Black Sea deluge theory is based on that idea. This idea further says that the Mt. Ararat is standing in the eastern Turkey along the coastline of the Black Sea is considered to be the landing point for Noah’s Ark.

4) According to naval science, the Black Sea has hydrogen sulphide(H₂S) layer at depth of about 200 meters that supports a unique microbial population which produces black sediments probably due to Anaerobic Methane oxidation or it may be the combination of hydrogen sulphide with metallic ion to form metal sulphides. And sulphide of many metals are black like FeS, CuS,HgS, PbS, Bi₂S₃,etc.  For this black sedimentation, it got the name Black Sea.

5) There is lack of oxygen in the water that prevents the development of microorganisms, making it appearance black.  Black Sea has meromictic(having layer of water that don’t mix.) basin. It means the movement of water between the lower and upper layers of water is very least. It results in acute shortage of oxygen in the lower layer. The lower layers absolute free of oxygen and hence, inactive.

6) It is called the Black sea because it was a Sea of Death. In past, Sailors who caught in a storm usually died because of the absence of islands at which to harbour and the fierceness of the storms. 

7) The intense fog develops over the Black Sea especially in winter that absorbs the light, thus making the water appear black. . Visibility in the Black Sea is about five meters as compared to thirty-five meters in the Mediterranean Sea.

8) At a certain depth its waters become toxic and poisonous. Black means death or devastation. So, its poisonous nature earned the name Black Sea. 

9). The Black Sea got its name from the Ottoman Turks. 'Kara (Black)' denotes 'North' in Medieval Turkish, as in Kara Denizi- Kara Sea north of Siberian Yakut Turks, similar to Black Sea. 

10) The Black Sea was called "inhospitable sea" before Greek colonization of the area as it was difficult to navigate and its shores were inhabited by savage tribes. Once Greeks made navigation very easy, the name changed to the “hospitable sea.”

11) It is believed that the dead lay safely beneath the water of the Black Sea. Remains of ships and humans and other decomposable materials like ropes, wood, wreckages, etc can still be found at the bed of this sea even after hundreds of years. It is due to anoxic (oxygen less) nature of the lower water layers of this sea, the process of decomposition, which require oxygen, is negligibly slow, hence, the remains of the dead persist  inside the sea’s water. For dead, it common to denote the word black. So it was name the Black Sea.

 CONCLUSION

   The black sea is a strongly stratified body of water because its upper layer is less saline than deep water layer. The upper layer is dilute (less saline) due to fresh water in flow of the river mainly Danube and other rivers. The deep layer is concentrated (more saline) due to inflow of sea water from the Aegean Sea through the lower part of the Bosporus strait. The difference of densities of upper and lower layer retards vertical mixing in the black sea. Consequently, little atmosphere oxygen reaches the deeper layer which becomes anoxic (oxygen less). This anoxic lower layer allows organic rich sediment to accumulate on the bed of the Black sea without decomposition as oxygen is required for decomposition. This sedimentation also contains Iron sulphide (black coloured solid) and other sulphide which are mostly black. This black sedimentation makes the appearance darker. That is why the Black Sea is not blue rather murkier that other seas. Then, it has no major connection to any other bigger seas/ocean so dead fish; corals, etc. just sit on the floor and makes its appearance murkier.  

WHY THE RED SEA IS CALLED THE “RED SEA”?

WHY THE RED SEA IS CALLED THE “RED SEA”?

PROF WAQAR HUSSAIN

     Why it is called the Red Sea? There are numerous hypotheses hovering over without certainty.

1) The red sea water contains red coloured cyanobacteria (Trichodesmium erythraeum) which turn the blue-green water to a reddish-brown. 

2)The “Red Sea” is in fact “Sea of Reed”,( a tall slender leaved plant of the grass family growing in water or marshy area.) most likely due to the reeds of the Gulf of Suez.

3) In the Bible, Moses walked across what was known as the 'sea of reeds'. The Red Sea is simply an alternative name for 'Sea of Reeds'. Some believe that the name Red Sea came from a “mistranslation” of what should have been the Reed Sea in the Biblical story of the Exodus. The Sea of Reeds (in Hebrew Yâm-Sûph) is often mistranslated as the "Red Sea". 

4) A hypothesis favoured by modern scholars is that the name “red” refers direction of “South” just as the Black Sea refers to “North”. Sea’s located south of the Mediterranean world. In ancient languages, the colours black, red, green, and white referred to North, South, East, and West, respectively. Herodotus (a Greek historian who lived 484-425 BC) on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.

5) Some believes that Red Sea is named because red algae cover surface of water.

6) Other says that Red Sea is called due to reddish ting of surrounding mineral rich red hills, Harei Edom (Edom means red).

7) Hebrew word for South Palestine is Edom meaning red. The Red Sea splits into two at its northern end into the Gulf of Suez, and the Gulf of Aqaba. The name originally applied to the Gulf of Aqaba, which bordered the land of Edom, which means "red".

8) Yet another says it's from the colour of the setting sun over the water.

9) Some historians believe the Red Sea is named for the Himyrites, a group who once lived along its shores. A local group whose own name means "red”.

10) Another view about its name is due to the colour of the coral in the sea. Coral is substance like rock formed in the sea by a group of small animals (marine invertebrates), often used in jewellery. It has colour between orange and pink.

CONCLUSION

Red sea is one of the famous seas of the world. The ancient Egyptians were the first to explore it in 2500 BC while seeking commercial route to southward. It is lying between Africa and Asia with length of 2250km, maximum width 355 km and average depth of 1608 km. It houses 1000 invertebrate species. It joins Arabian Sea with Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal. It is the shortest route to Europe. It cut 5500 miles (8800km) distance from the United Kingdom to India when the Suez Canal was opened in 1869.Thus it provided easy way to approach India and other southern colonies and European made best of this opportunity and grabbed colossal economic benefits and made their countries prosperous and reddened their faces. On the other hand, they shed blood to maintain their hold on the captivate countries. So there was red on the western side as well as on eastern side through the courtesy of shortest route of The Red Sea. When all is red on either side of the sea so it is aptly called the Red Sea.

WHY PUS IS WHITE?

WHY PUS IS WHITE?

PROF WAQAR HUSSAIN

          

        The pus is the dead bodies of white blood cells- body soldiers who laid down their lives while fighting with the invading enemy (bacteria) trying to disrupt body.

          Scientifically, pus is a protein-rich thick fluid “liquor puris” usually white, whitish-yellow, greenish or yellow brown. Pus consists of a buildup of dead leukocytes (white blood cells) from the body's immune system in response to infection that accumulates at the site of inflammation. If this upsurge is very near the surface of the skin it is called a pustule or pimple (phora or phinsi in Urdu and gharr in Punjabi). An accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space is called an abscess. The ultimate composition of pus is dead white blood cells, dead skin cells and bacteria still fighting to enhance their number and got control of body. So, there is a point of caution in dealing with pus as it can cause infection in other healthier part of bodies or in other healthy person. So, a proper care is required to get rid of pus by using proper antiseptic liquid or gel.

DO YOU KNOW THE MOST ABUNDANT COLOUR ON EARTH?

DO YOU KNOW THE MOST ABUNDANT COLOUR ON EARTH?

PROF WAQAR HUSSAIN

        

There are 200 billion galaxies in our universe. We live in the Milky Way which contains 11 Kharab (11x10¹²) stars. Then, each star has many planets, planetoids, satellites, etc. Our earth is one of the planets revolving around the star, the sun. God has bestowed one special feature to earth as it is a multi coloured ball. Blue oceans, blue sky, green forests, brown continents, white snowy poles and mountain peaks. I was wondering to know the most dominant and abundant colour on the earth. That must be a special and favorite colour of God. In spite of asking people and searching from different sources; I couldn’t find my answer of the dominant colour. So I started contemplating. It may be green? But green fields are scanty on the surface of earth. It may be brown due to large chunk of soil which is brown? But 71% surface of earth is covered by oceans so ultimately, I left with only one choice i.e. blue. As the 71% of earth is covered by ocean which has Prussian blue colour and the canopy of sky is also blue.

               Suddenly, a thought flashed in my mind that during 12 hours of night, everything turn black i.e. sky, ocean, land, etc. So the dominant colour on earth is black.

              

During night, half of sky is black having area of 256473745.3 Km² and half of surface of earth is black having area of 255036000 km² so the total area of black patch is to the tune of 511509745.3 km² (about 51 million km²)

               

Whereas, the blue colour dominate during day time when 256473745.3 km²   area of half of sky is blue and half of surface of ocean i.e. 181075560 km² is blue. Total blue area covers to 437549305.3 km² ( about 44 million km²) The remaining land area is brown, green, white, etc but has no significant value as all other colours have area of just 73960440 km².                                     

           So, we come to conclusion that during night black is dominant colour and during daytime is blue. And in 24 hours, black colour 53.9% and blue is 46.1%.So black colour is 17% more abundant than blue. Other colours are too minute to be considered. As black is not a colour but it is the indication of absence of colours so the blue colour is the most abundant colour on the earth.