GHEE: A TOXIC EDIBLE

GHEE: A TOXIC EDIBLE

PROF WAQAR HUSSAIN

                     The statistical data regarding the                          number of death by various diseases revealed that CVD (CardioVascular Disease) is the number one killer in the world today.As one person out of three dies from CVD.It is estimated that 17.3 million people die from CVD each year.Out of these deaths, 7.3 million were due to Cornory Heart Diseases(CHD) and 6.2 million were due to strokes.

         No the question arises what is the cause of CVD? Are the scientists totally helpless in countering this malady? Answer to such questions need to be probed as there are many factors responsible for CVD. Let focus on one of the biggest cause of CVD i.e. Vanaspati Ghee.

            First look upon the health hazard created by the impurities of ghee. Hydrogenated vegetable oils are now customarily used in our country in a variety of foods. Fat and Oil (triglyceride of fatty acids) are regarded as one of the basic food material along with protein and carbohydrate. Whether of animal, vegetable or marine origin- fat and oil represent the richest source of energy man consume as food.Primarily,they serve three vital functions: source of enegy, structructural component and precursor of biological regulator.

             

Hydrogenation is simply “hardening” of oil. This process is accomplished by treating unsaturated fatty acid (oils) with hydrogen in presence of catalyst to convert it into saturated fatty acid (ghee). The catalyst used is a critical element for hydrogenation process. Nickel (Ni) is the usual catalyst employed in the hydrogenation of vegetable oil. The other catalysts are palladium and platinum but both are costly.

            A catalyst is normally used several times although its percentage is increased slightly for each reuse to compensate for decrease in it activity. Recovery of the catalyst from hydrogenated oil is very essential because even its minute concentration in the final product leads not only to un-economic operation but also create health hazard. Recent advance in food toxicology have proved that nickel is severely toxic both for man and animal. The ill effect of excessive nickel intake is now well established.  The major sickness associated with excessive nickel intake may include cardiovascular disease, nervous disorder, jaundice, miscarriage, respiratory tract neoplasia, carcinogenic effects etc.

            The common complaint against the vanaspati ghee industry is that nickel catalyst employed for hydrogenation in the form of nickel formate complex is not fully recovered. This unrecovered nickel remaining in the final product badly affects the health of consumers. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended 2 µg of nickel per 10 gm of ghee as a safe upper limit for human consumption. According to experts, this upper limit touches 60µg in some brands of ghee in Pakistan and that is alarming and threatening. In China, nickel was extracted and determined in ten different brands of ghee and in all sample its amout was well above the permissible limit of WHO.
                The scientists planned a research project to investigate the effect of various factors on the recovery of nickel catalyst from vegetable ghee. Different factors including the catalyst, the filter cloth and type and quality of oil) were studied comparatively in order to determine their effect on the recovery of nickel catalyst from hydrogenated oil.

            Studies prove that the quality of nickel catalyst and filter cloth as well as quality and type of oil all play a major role during hydrogenation and the final filtration process. The scrap nickel used with the fresh nickel catalyst in varying ratios during hydrogenation result in excessive nickel in the final product (due to increased fatigue of catalyst) and thus further reduce the particle size.

             Phosphatides and certain other compounds present in vegetable oil also effect nickel recovery. Similarly quality of filter cloth can badly affect nickel level in find product.Recent studies have disclose that nickel can be extracted from ghee by using solvent like toluene, carbon tetrachloride or benzene.However, tolune is proved to be the best solvent mediating a 95% extraction of nickel from the ghee.The better recovery of tolune has been attributed to polar nature of toluene as compared to carbon tetrachloride and benzene.Furthermore, toluene is completely immiscible with water whereas  tetrachloride and benzene are slightly miscible.

              The interesting thing to note is that in the recent past there has been a mushroom growth of vanaspati ghee industry. The owner of these units earned millions of rupees by using low quality imported palm-stearine which is unfit for human consumption for manufacturing of vanaspati ghee after mixing it with soya-bean and cottonseed oil.

           Efforts should be made at government level to keep prices of refined vegetable oil under strict control and much lower than those of vanaspati ghee so people start using these refined edible oils as cooking medium. Refined sunflower, canola, soybean and corn oil are available in Pakistan and are best for human consumption.

          It is strongly recommended for establishment of a quality and price control department to monitor the quality and price of food. It is not possible to create a new department; the work of monitoring may be entrusted to any present department which has a network at district level and is linked with industrial units.

            Now we come to the other point i.e. the poisonous deposit of ghee in the body. The use of vegetable ghee increase cholesterol level and triglyceride level in the blood. Cholesterol is an organic compounds containing sterol ring. Our liver also produces cholesterol but in a very small amout. It is a rich source of energy. It forms coating on the outer part of body above the bones and beneath the skin and acts a buffer and safeguard our body against mechanical shock. It acts as a precursor of other steroids required in metabolism: notably the bile acids, sex hormones and adrenocortical hormones.

            Contrary to these blessings, it deposits on the wall of arteries, making them hard and narrow,causing arteriosclerosis and thus leads the way for elevated blood pressure. The worsen condition may cause heart attack and in some time sudden death (God forbade). In the past, man used to work from dawn to dusk. 

             Means of transportation were not available. He has to do a lot of manual work. Now everything is replaced by machinery, the work of hours is completed within minutes and with less labour. Man is facilitated physcically to a greater extent. Au contrary, he has not reduced his diet. The excessive diet deposits in the body and causes trouble. Man becomes fat and obesity is directly proportional to CVD. Fat deposits interfere in natural working of body. They block the vessels and cause many diseases and deaths in acute cases.And now CVD is the number one cause of death globally: more people die from CVD than from any other cause.

          From the above discussion it can be inferred that fat deposits are fatal for human life. On the other hand, we are taking a bulk of fat in the shape of vanaspati ghee. It is time to check our diet and replace ghee with cooking oil (Refined) which is free from saturated fat and nickel impurity.