Astonishing Discovery about water !

Astonishing Discovery about water !

Prof Waqar Hussain

       

      Water is the life line of all living organisms animals and plants in multifarious way. There are two major categories of water; frehwater which is drinkable (of canals,
rivers, lakes, underground water,etc) and non-drinkable, saline oceanic water.It is astonishing that the amount of drinkable and non drinkable water is equal.What an equilibrium in nature!rivers, lakes, underground water,etc) and non-drinkable, saline oceanic water.It is astonishing that the amount of drinkable and non drinkable water is equal.What an equilibrium in nature!

              Calculating the mass of these two waters:

Freshwater came to the tune of 3.86 x 1021 kg ( by rounding off it becomes 1.4x1021Kg); while ocean water mass is 1.4x1021Kg.

     

        Is it not amazing? God had created both water bodies equal. I went through hectic calculation after reading the verse of The holy Quran Fatar 12, in Dr Ghulam Jilani Barq's book Do Quran page 152, saying "The two oceans of earth are equal, one is sweat and quenches thirst and is easy to drink and the other is salty and bitter......"Here I got    the idea that both drinkable        freshwater and non drinkable      oceanic are equal in amount        and started calculations.

         This is the magnanimity of     the Holy Books which guided mankind 1500 years back    about this astonishing facts.Be   proud of your Holy Book !

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Hussain Haqqani’s Progress Tip

Hussain Haqqani’s Progress Tip   

 PROF WAQAR HUSSAIN

      On Independence Day, Hussain Haqqani an ex-Ambassador and diplomat tweeted greeting to countrymen. I asked him, Give one “progress tip” to the nation in the light of experience you gained in the western nations. He replied; “Keep an open mind”. As he tweeted, It triggered a discussion among tweeters with queries, allegations; core inquiry was; what does he meant by open mind? Everyone was on blowing his trumpet. I again tweeted to Hussain Haqqani to explain it, but he didn’t reply. So onus lied on me to respond the topic. So, went through various dictionaries to grasp the theme and came to know: Open mind person has mind willing to listen to opinions that are different from or conflict his own;  having mind respective to new ideas, argument, unprejudiced, unbigoted, impartial; having mind receptive to new ideas, arguments , unprejudiced ; open-mindedness is when even if you think you are right, you know that you can be wrong and are always willing to listen to and hear an opposing or contradictory views; keep an open mind to wait until you have all the facts before forming an opinion or making a judgment;  In sum, open mind person is who open his window of mind to well come new ideas and is willing to listen to  or accept new ideas or suggestions.

          Ironically, most people are brought up with the certain set of beliefs, values, tradition, ideas, dogma, etc. They are influenced by these ideas to an extent that they reject all kind of alien ideas irrespective of the fact, how much these ideas are convincing and crystal clear. Throughout their lives, they are surrounded by people who share same ideas. Rather, they prefer to live in the circle which endorses their ideas.

Thus, it becomes a difficult when they encounter ideas that challenge their own. They uncoil and go to shells and fabricate irrational justification or sometimes become aggressive and put an iron cage of rage to ward off criticism. On the other hand, an open mind person opens the windows of his mind and allows the lights of new ideas to enter and glitter his inner self. Most shut the windows and even hang curtain disallowing even a beam of light to get into and thus darkness prevail all inside.

      Hussain Haqqani heuristic hint of progress lay in opening the window of one’s mind and letting new ideas and thoughts to come in. By keeping an open mind, you instantly free yourself from the grip of putrid thoughts, you allow yourself to experience new ideas and thoughts which challenge the ideas you currently have.

           Then you experience changes, more compatible to the surrounding world, but there is the scariest thing of making yourself vulnerable. Amid the new ideas, you admit that you don’t know everything and there are other avenues available that were hidden before. This vulnerability is terrifying, horrifying and humiliating.

          Then, you will learn new ideas and these ideas will mingle with your older ideas and Spengler’s dialectic synthesis will occur. Then working on these newly formulated synthesized ideas, you will come up with the result which are matching to the world and have profiteering results.

          With this blend of new ideas, you will have a strong sense of self-belief. You are not shackled in old ideas and not copying the new ideas. You have cooked your own food of thoughts. It gives you stronger beliefs in yourself, which is the hallmark of prospering nations. You gain confidence as you have learned more and more about the world around you.

         Then you will make mistake viewing things from other perspective, unearthing your potential mistakes you have made but you will make a further mistake being inexperienced to new ideas. You will further fell into a ditch. This is a very embarrassing stage; many feeble individuals succumb but sturdy rise like sphinx from ashes.

      At next stage, honesty pours out of you as you have admitted that you are not all-knowing, master of everything, have an explanation of all world phenomenon.

By believing that whatever truth you find might always have more to it than you realize. This understanding creates an underlying sense of honesty that permeates the character.

          Open mindedness award you realism and pragmatism, the great asset of an individual or nation. History reveals that realism is the shortcut to the destination.

          For some, open minded is easy; it comes as effortlessly as breathing. For others, it is challenging, they have work to break open their shell and resist the mortifying feelings itching their inner self. When you will open minded you will see great benefits of viewing life with an open mind. It is not always an easy thing to do but the effort to think openly embrace new ideas and you will enjoy the benefits that pour out from open-mindedness. It can transform the third world into first world but it is easy to think but difficult to put into practice.

World Record Holder Amazing Facts of Chemistry!

    World Record Holder Amazing Facts of Chemistry!

PROF WAQAR HUSSAIN

        World science is leaping ahead with kangaroo’s stride; each coming day brings new amazing and astonishing discoveries and inventions. Here are a few new things of worth knowing.

Ø World’s most Finely divided powder:

Monoatomic powder of solid helium is the world’s smallest grain powder.

Ø World’s most powerful Magnet:

World’s most powerful magnet is made of Neodymium Iron Boride.

Ø World’s highest recorded temperature:

World’s highest temperature was recorded in the centre of thermonuclear fusion in USA. It raised up to 40,000,0000  ^oC.

Ø World’s lowest recorded temperature:

World’s lowest temperature was attained by nuclear demagnetization device in USA. It was extremely cold with temperature of 28×10^-11 Kelvin.

Ø World’s highest pressure:

World highest pressure was created up to 7000000000000 Pascal (7000 giga) in USA.

Ø World’s hottest flame!

 Oxy-acetylene flame has temperature of 3000⁰C;

Oxy-hydrogen flame has temperature of 4000⁰C

Whereas, the world’s hottest flame was obtained by burning carbon sub nitride ( C₄N₂  )having temperature of 5000⁰C.

Ø World’s Quickest diamond formed!

  World’s quickest diamond was prepared by heating coal at temperature of 2000⁰C in presence of nickel catalyst at pressure of 100000 atmospheres.

Ø World’s most odorous compound!

  Ethyl mercaptan (C₂H₅SH)  and

 Butyl seleno mercaptan (C₄H₉SeH)--- are the world’s most odorous compounds.

Ø World’s strongest acid!

 HF.SbF₅ Fluoro antimonic acid is the world’s strongest acid. It is 1000000000000000000 (10¹⁸) times stronger than sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄).

Ø Most poisonous compound!

 TCDD ( Tetrachloro dibenzo dioxin) is the world’s most poisonous compound.

It is 1, 50,000 times more poisonous than cyanide.

Ø World’s bitterest Thing!

    Denatonium benzoate is the word’s bitterest compound. If one tastes it, its bitterest will last till the end of one’s life.

Ø World’s sweetest Thing!

  Saccharine is 550 times sweeter than sugar; Talin is 600 times sweeter than sugar. But neotame is the world’s sweetest thing; it is 8000 times sweeter than sugar.

MOST CHILDREN DELIVERED IN SINGLE BIRTH, NEW WORLD RECORD

MOST CHILDREN DELIVERED IN SINGLE BIRTH, NEW WORLD RECORD

PROF WAQAR HUSSAIN

        

    Multiple births are a rare but common phenomenon. Sometime, more than one child are born, this is called multiple birth.  Multiple births mean giving birth to 2 or more children. The nomenclature depends upon number of used off springs: if two (twins); three (triplets); four (quadruplets); five (quintuplets); six (sextuplets); seven (septuplets); eight (octuplets); nice (nonuplets); ten (decuplets); eleven (undecuplets); etc. When an egg of female combines with a sperm of male; a zygote is formed which develops to a child. Sometime, multiple children are born.  There are two types of offspring depending on the mode of production; identical and non identical twins. Sometime single zygote (fertilized egg) split into two or more embryos which are identical(monozygotic)  and have same genetic makeup and same sex. Sometime, they are so identical face that it becomes hard even for mother to identify between her babies. 

    Non-identical twins (polyzygotic) are produced when many eggs are released in ovary and each egg is fertilized separately to form many siblings, which are not genetically alike.

    There is an interesting formula to estimate the chance of number of multiple siblings. The frequency of N multiple births can be calculated approximately by Hellin’s law i.e. 1:89^N-1   (1:89 means 1 times in 89)

For twins, (N=2). So chance of twins is 1:89^2-1 = 1:89¹ = 1.123%

For triplets, (N=3) 1:89^3-1= 1:89²= 1= 7921= 0.0126%

For quadruplets, (N=4) = 1:89^4-1= 1.89³= 704969= 0.0001418%

For Undecuplets,(N=11)= 1:89^11-1=1:89¹⁰ =1:890000000000=0.00000000001123%

    Multiple births can happen for many reasons:

 1) Genetically: If mother gives birth to twins, it is likely hood that her daughter will do the same. My mother gave birth to non-identical twins and my eldest sister also gave birth to non-identical twins. But it is an approximation, not a definite formula.

2) Infertility treatment often leads to multiple twins. Fertility drugs can result in formation of multiple eggs.

3) Older women (above 35) are more likely to give birth to many children. It is because of increased level of follicle stimulating hormone in older ladies.

    Number of multiple births has increased over the last decade. For example, Canada has recorded 35% increase in number of multiple births. It is due to enhanced use of fertility drugs.

        

    Previously, the highest medically recorded number of children born at a single birth is nine to Geraldine Brodrick (Australia) at the royal Hospital for women, Sydney NSW, Australia, on 13 June, 1971. None of the children (five boys [two stillborn] and four girls) lived for more than six days.

           Now in the month of June 2015, Cette Jennie, an Indian women gave birth to 11 babies.The Corp medical Indian has box this delivery.Thus , this Indian lady broke the previous record of 9 babies born in single birth.

INDIAN WOMEN GAVE BIRTH TO 11 CHILDREN IN SINGLE DELIVERY

INDIAN WOMEN GAVE BIRTH TO 11 CHILDREN IN SINGLE DELIVERY

PROF WAQAR HUSSAIN

        

Multiple births are a rare but common phenomenon. Sometime, more than one child are born, this is called multiple birth.  Multiple births mean giving birth to 2 or more children. The nomenclature depends upon number of used off springs: if two (twins); three (triplets); four (quadruplets); five (quintuplets); six (sextuplets); seven (septuplets); eight (octuplets); nice (nonuplets); ten (decuplets); eleven (undecuplets); etc. When an egg of female combines with a 

sperm of male; a zygote is formed which develops to a child. Sometime, multiple children are born.  There are two types of offspring depending on the mode of production; identical and non identical twins. Sometime single zygote (fertilized egg) split into two or more embryos which are identical(monozygotic)  and have same genetic makeup and same sex. Sometime, they are so identical face that it becomes hard even for mother to identify between her babies. I have seen a pair of identical twins who used to live in my neighboring street named Karim Ullah and Majeed Ullah. Both brothers were so identical; it was difficult to differentiate between them. In school, their teachers were confused. I was told;  Majeed Ullah absented himself  from class, other day when teacher asked: “why were you absent last day?” He (Majeed) replied; “I was present, Sir.”  The teacher said, “That was Karim!” He (Majeed) replied, no it was me. The teacher asked Karim to stand up and clarify the issue. The students told teacher: “today Karim is absent”. The class started laughing. The teacher was so perplexed, he quitted the topic saying: OK….. Both are present. When someone visited their home to meet Karim to take back his book and he ( Karim) did not want to meet him, he adopted the same old tactics of confusing on the basis of identity. Karim himself came out and said, “Karim is not home”. So, their friends often get confused and got tired visiting time and again and getting the same answer. I heard many events about twin brothers. One day, my mother went to their home to see their mother. In a conversation, my mother asked her, “How you distinguish between karim and Majeed”. She said, “There is a hell of difference between them, even I can differentiate them from their smell. It is rightly said, “gongay ki ramzain uski maan hi janti ha” (Only Mother can understand the gestures of a deaf.)

Karim and Majeed story went to upper storey of rumors when one of them got married. The whole mohallah (locality) was whispering and naughty questions were hovering! The question of question was “How the bride will distinguish her husband?........” The above real account is quoted just to expresses the Tweedledum and Tweedledee nature of identical twins.

    Non-identical twins (polyzygotic) are produced when many eggs are released in ovary and each egg is fertilized separately to form many siblings, which are not genetically alike.

    There is an interesting formula to estimate the chance of number of multiple siblings. The frequency of N multiple births can be calculated approximately by Hellin’s law i.e. 1:89^N-1   (1:89 means 1 times in 89)

For twins, (N=2). So chance of twins is 1:89^2-1 = 1:89¹ = 1.123%

For triplets, (N=3) 1:89^3-1= 1:89²= 1= 7921= 0.0126%

For quadruplets, (N=4) = 1:89^4-1= 1.89³= 704969= 0.0001418%

For Undecuplets,(N=11)= 1:89^11-1=1:89¹⁰ =1:890000000000=0.00000000001123%

    Multiple births can happen for many reasons:

 1) Genetically: If mother gives birth to twins, it is likely hood that her daughter will do the same. My mother gave birth to non-identical twins and my eldest sister also gave birth to non-identical twins. But it is an approximation, not a definite formula.

2) Infertility treatment often leads to multiple twins. Fertility drugs can result in formation of multiple eggs.

3) Older women (above 35) are more likely to give birth to many children. It is because of increased level of follicle stimulating hormone in older ladies.

    Number of multiple births has increased over the last decade. For example, Canada has recorded 35% increase in number of multiple births. It is due to enhanced use of fertility drugs.

        

 The highest medically recorded number of children born at a single birth is nine to Geraldine Brodrick (Australia) at the royal Hospital for women, Sydney NSW, Australia, on 13 June, 1971. None of the children (five boys [two stillborn] and four girls) lived for more than six days.

           Now in the month of June 2015, Cette Jennie, an Indian women gave birth to 11 babies.The Corp medical Indian has box this delivery.Thus , this Indian lady broke the previous record of 9 babies born in single birth.

MEN AND WOMEN SEE SAME COLOUR DIFFERENTLY by Prof Waqar Hussain

MEN AND WOMEN SEE SAME COLOUR DIFFERENTLY

Astonishingly, it is a fact that the man and women see the same colour differently. According to research of Arizona State University; this is a fact that men and women see the red colour differently. Both don’t see it as a same colour. The dark red (Mehroon) colour is seen by 80% of men only as red colour. Further, they can’t difference between different shades of red colour. The reason of same colour seen differently by both genders lies in the DNA structure. Some specific genes( a tiny part of DNA) give us opportunity to see red colour properly and its different shades and these colour related genes lies in X chromosomes that is only 1(XY) in men and 2(XX) in women. That is why women can see the red colour more clearly and understand it better than men. 

Only a few men can see the complete red colour and understand it. Otherwise, red is seen differently to men and women. Perhaps, that is reason behind morbid love of females for the red colour; red suite, red lipstick, red under garment, red shoe, red shocks are coveted by women.

NATIONAL BOOK DAY AT GOVT T I COLLEGE CHENABNAGAR

NATIONAL BOOK DAY AT GOVT T I COLLEGE CHENABNAGAR

PROF WAQAR HUSSAIN

     

     

     National Book Day was celebrated in Chemistry Theatre of Govt T.I. college (Postgraduate) Chenabnagar at 11 am today under the instruction of the Punjab government. All the teaching, non-teaching staff, students of MA, MSc, BA, B.Sc and FA, F.Sc attended the occasion with zeal and zest.The Chief Librarian Talib Hussain showed the library and disclosed that new book of various subjects have been purchased to the tune of 13 lack and now it has become one of the richest library in the Punjab. 

      Prof Waqar Hussain,Media In-charge, delivered a key note address and referred a widely circulating sms:"shoes are adorned in glass show- cases whereas, books are being sold on the foot path."

 He further said that among the last 10 Presidents of US, eight has written books. According to UNESCO report; China is the largest countries in Publication of books followed by USA and Britain 2nd and 3rd position respectively whereas Pakistan comes at 50th position where 3811 books are published annually. Iceland is the only country where every 10th person is a writer of a book.In reading, the World Culture Score disclosed that India comes first in reading list of countries with 10 hours and 42 minutes per person per week while Thailand(9 hr:24 min) and China (8 hr) occupy 2nd and 3rd position respectively.Ironically, in the given list of top 30 reading countries, the name of  Pakistan is missing.This is alarming! We should develop reading habit as only the educated nation rules the world, He furthers said, "Book bring best out of you and boast your knowledge and courage and bashes away bad habits".He quoted Bulwer-Lytton that Law dies, Books never. In eBook reading, the USA is leading (30.6%), followed by the Netherlands (29.4%) and the UK (28.1%). This is another area where Pakistani should pay intention as it the cheapest and easiest way to achieve knowledge, if one has access to internet. At present there are 130 million mobile users and 150 million internet users, one can use both for this purpose. 

    Principal Jehangir Ahmad Chaudhry advised the students to take benefit of books. He stated that in various countries, there is a "library period" in which students spend time in a library and read books of their choice and then write a report which is duly marked by teachers and its result is incorporated in the result card. We should follow their suite. He said that the Punjab has achieved highest literacy rate and has surpassed the Sindh Province a few years ago.  Pakistan's literacy rate stood at 58 percent; out of which the literacy rate of males is 70 percent followed by 47 percent of females. Similarly the province of Punjab has the highest literacy rate of 60 percent followed by Sindh (59%), KPK (50%) and Balochistan (40%).Punjab is making headway in education and schoolmaster is abroad.

WHY THE YELLOW SEA IS CALLED THE “YELLOW SEA”?

WHY THE YELLOW SEA IS CALLED THE “YELLOW SEA”?

PROF WAQAR HUSSAIN

        Yellow Sea, Chinese Huang Hai, is an arm of the Pacific Ocean. It is lying between mainland China on the west and north and the Korean peninsula on the east. It is situated to the north of the East China Sea.  It measures about 960 km from north to south and about 700 km from east to west. 

The area of the Yellow Sea 380,000 km²); its mean depth is 144 ft.

There are many hypotheses for its name.

1) The sand particles flying from the sand storm of Gobi Desert and fall into it that turn the surface of the 

water golden yellow.

2) Many major Chinese rivers like the Bohai Sea, Hai He River that contain golden colour silt fall into it. This golden silt changes the colour of the water to paler one.

3) Turks associated directions with the colors as: 

·      Black (Kara) is associated with North (Kuzey); Before Turkish conquest of Anatolia and Middle East, the Black Sea had known by Greeks as Pontos Euxeinos. 

·      White (Ak) is associated with West (Batı); Aegean and Mediterranean Seas as The White Sea (Akdeniz)

·      Red (Kızıl) is associated with South (Güney); the sea between Arabian Peninsula and Egypt as The Red Sea (Kızıldeniz)

·      Blue (Mavi in modern Turkish, Kök in old Turkish) is associated with East (Doğu) and

·      Yellow (Sarı) is associated with the Center.

                 Probably the Chinese used the same system of colours and directions and called this centrally located sea as the Yellow Sea. (Sarı Deniz in Turkish)

WHY THE WHITE SEA IS CALLED THE “WHITE SEA”?

WHY THE WHITE SEA IS CALLED THE “WHITE SEA”?

PROF WAQAR HUSSAIN

    

The White Sea is an inland sea in the north-eastern European part of Russia that belongs to the Arctic Ocean. It has an area of 90000 km³, mean depth of 197 ft and houses 700 invertebrate specie. The White Sea was first called "the White Sea" on the map drawn by Petrus Fiancius in 1592.

There are many hypotheses about the name of White Sea.

1) One hypothesis suggests that the name 

comes from the fact that the sea is covered with ice for six to seven months every year,from September to May. It's the only sea in Europe completely covered with ice in winter.

2) Some say that the name originates from the whitish color of the water, reflecting the northern sky.

3) There is a constant water exchange with the Barents Sea as 2000km³ and 2200km³ of fresh water flow in and out of the White Sea respectively that results in decreased salinity of water and increased amount of silicon and silicates in water. Silicon has silvery metallic lustre and Silicates have the property to sparkle in the sun light. Thus, elevated silicon and silicates concentration results in glittering and thus appearance the sea become white shiny. So it is called the White Sea.

WHY THE BLACK SEA IS CALLED THE “BLACK SEA”?

WHY THE BLACK SEA IS CALLED THE “BLACK SEA”?

PROF WAQAR HUSSAIN

       The Black Sea is a turban shaped sea lying on the head of Turkey. It is lying between South Eastern Europe and Asia with area of 436400km² and have maximum depth of 2212m.It is surrounded by six different countries Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia and Georgia.

There are many hypotheses about the name of the Black Sea.

1) In ancient time, various colours were assigned to different directions; black for north, red for south, yellow for east and white for west. As it was located in the north of the Mediterranean Sea for which the ancients believed to be situated in the middle of the earth. So it was called Black Sea meaning a sea in the north.

2) The Black Sea's deep waters are much less saline as a result the microalgae concentration is much richer, causing the colour to become darker. 

3) Bulgarian view about the name is that the sea used to be quite stormy. Some sources stipulate that it goes back to the time of Noah's Ark. The Black Sea deluge theory is based on that idea. This idea further says that the Mt. Ararat is standing in the eastern Turkey along the coastline of the Black Sea is considered to be the landing point for Noah’s Ark.

4) According to naval science, the Black Sea has hydrogen sulphide(H₂S) layer at depth of about 200 meters that supports a unique microbial population which produces black sediments probably due to Anaerobic Methane oxidation or it may be the combination of hydrogen sulphide with metallic ion to form metal sulphides. And sulphide of many metals are black like FeS, CuS,HgS, PbS, Bi₂S₃,etc.  For this black sedimentation, it got the name Black Sea.

5) There is lack of oxygen in the water that prevents the development of microorganisms, making it appearance black.  Black Sea has meromictic(having layer of water that don’t mix.) basin. It means the movement of water between the lower and upper layers of water is very least. It results in acute shortage of oxygen in the lower layer. The lower layers absolute free of oxygen and hence, inactive.

6) It is called the Black sea because it was a Sea of Death. In past, Sailors who caught in a storm usually died because of the absence of islands at which to harbour and the fierceness of the storms. 

7) The intense fog develops over the Black Sea especially in winter that absorbs the light, thus making the water appear black. . Visibility in the Black Sea is about five meters as compared to thirty-five meters in the Mediterranean Sea.

8) At a certain depth its waters become toxic and poisonous. Black means death or devastation. So, its poisonous nature earned the name Black Sea. 

9). The Black Sea got its name from the Ottoman Turks. 'Kara (Black)' denotes 'North' in Medieval Turkish, as in Kara Denizi- Kara Sea north of Siberian Yakut Turks, similar to Black Sea. 

10) The Black Sea was called "inhospitable sea" before Greek colonization of the area as it was difficult to navigate and its shores were inhabited by savage tribes. Once Greeks made navigation very easy, the name changed to the “hospitable sea.”

11) It is believed that the dead lay safely beneath the water of the Black Sea. Remains of ships and humans and other decomposable materials like ropes, wood, wreckages, etc can still be found at the bed of this sea even after hundreds of years. It is due to anoxic (oxygen less) nature of the lower water layers of this sea, the process of decomposition, which require oxygen, is negligibly slow, hence, the remains of the dead persist  inside the sea’s water. For dead, it common to denote the word black. So it was name the Black Sea.

 CONCLUSION

   The black sea is a strongly stratified body of water because its upper layer is less saline than deep water layer. The upper layer is dilute (less saline) due to fresh water in flow of the river mainly Danube and other rivers. The deep layer is concentrated (more saline) due to inflow of sea water from the Aegean Sea through the lower part of the Bosporus strait. The difference of densities of upper and lower layer retards vertical mixing in the black sea. Consequently, little atmosphere oxygen reaches the deeper layer which becomes anoxic (oxygen less). This anoxic lower layer allows organic rich sediment to accumulate on the bed of the Black sea without decomposition as oxygen is required for decomposition. This sedimentation also contains Iron sulphide (black coloured solid) and other sulphide which are mostly black. This black sedimentation makes the appearance darker. That is why the Black Sea is not blue rather murkier that other seas. Then, it has no major connection to any other bigger seas/ocean so dead fish; corals, etc. just sit on the floor and makes its appearance murkier.  

WHY THE RED SEA IS CALLED THE “RED SEA”?

WHY THE RED SEA IS CALLED THE “RED SEA”?

PROF WAQAR HUSSAIN

     Why it is called the Red Sea? There are numerous hypotheses hovering over without certainty.

1) The red sea water contains red coloured cyanobacteria (Trichodesmium erythraeum) which turn the blue-green water to a reddish-brown. 

2)The “Red Sea” is in fact “Sea of Reed”,( a tall slender leaved plant of the grass family growing in water or marshy area.) most likely due to the reeds of the Gulf of Suez.

3) In the Bible, Moses walked across what was known as the 'sea of reeds'. The Red Sea is simply an alternative name for 'Sea of Reeds'. Some believe that the name Red Sea came from a “mistranslation” of what should have been the Reed Sea in the Biblical story of the Exodus. The Sea of Reeds (in Hebrew Yâm-Sûph) is often mistranslated as the "Red Sea". 

4) A hypothesis favoured by modern scholars is that the name “red” refers direction of “South” just as the Black Sea refers to “North”. Sea’s located south of the Mediterranean world. In ancient languages, the colours black, red, green, and white referred to North, South, East, and West, respectively. Herodotus (a Greek historian who lived 484-425 BC) on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.

5) Some believes that Red Sea is named because red algae cover surface of water.

6) Other says that Red Sea is called due to reddish ting of surrounding mineral rich red hills, Harei Edom (Edom means red).

7) Hebrew word for South Palestine is Edom meaning red. The Red Sea splits into two at its northern end into the Gulf of Suez, and the Gulf of Aqaba. The name originally applied to the Gulf of Aqaba, which bordered the land of Edom, which means "red".

8) Yet another says it's from the colour of the setting sun over the water.

9) Some historians believe the Red Sea is named for the Himyrites, a group who once lived along its shores. A local group whose own name means "red”.

10) Another view about its name is due to the colour of the coral in the sea. Coral is substance like rock formed in the sea by a group of small animals (marine invertebrates), often used in jewellery. It has colour between orange and pink.

CONCLUSION

Red sea is one of the famous seas of the world. The ancient Egyptians were the first to explore it in 2500 BC while seeking commercial route to southward. It is lying between Africa and Asia with length of 2250km, maximum width 355 km and average depth of 1608 km. It houses 1000 invertebrate species. It joins Arabian Sea with Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal. It is the shortest route to Europe. It cut 5500 miles (8800km) distance from the United Kingdom to India when the Suez Canal was opened in 1869.Thus it provided easy way to approach India and other southern colonies and European made best of this opportunity and grabbed colossal economic benefits and made their countries prosperous and reddened their faces. On the other hand, they shed blood to maintain their hold on the captivate countries. So there was red on the western side as well as on eastern side through the courtesy of shortest route of The Red Sea. When all is red on either side of the sea so it is aptly called the Red Sea.